Molecular Detection of Trypanosoma Species Infecting Small Ruminants in some parts of Plateau State, Nigeria
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Trypanosomes occupy a unique position among infectious agents because they are one of the most studied and poorly understood parasitic organisms, particularly regarding their complex biology and pathogenesis. In Nigeria, the main causative agents of Trypanosomosis in small ruminants are Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma congolense, and Trypanosoma vivax. In this study, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was used to identify specific Trypanosoma species infecting sheep and goats in eight communities within the Bassa and Jos East Local Government Areas (LGAs) of the Plateau State, Nigeria. A total of 400 blood samples were collected, with 200 samples from each of Jos East and Bassa LGAs. These samples were screened for the presence of Trypanosoma spp. DNAusing the primers Kin 1 and Kin 2 for general Trypanosoma species, and Tv.80.24 and Tv.322.24 for the amplification of the 540 bp and 266 bp regions of Trypanosoma spp. and T. vivax, respectively. The overall prevalence of Trypanosoma spp. recorded in the present study was 27.25%. However, a higher prevalence of 30.5% was recorded in the Jos East LGAthan in the Bassa LGA(24 %). No significant differences were observed in the Detection of Trypanosomaspp. DNA between sheep and goats (P = 0.151).The detection of T. brucei DNAwas significantly higher (p < 0.001) than that of T. vivax. There was no significant difference (p=0.563) between young (<1 year old) and old (> 1 year old) animals. However, there was a significant difference (p=0.036)in the detection of Trypanosoma DNA between the male and female animals. Similarly, T. BruceiDNAdetection was significantly higher (p=0.000) than that of T. vivax. This study confirms the presence of T. brucei and T. vivax in small ruminants in some communities of the Plateau State in Nigeria. Animal health workers and farmers should be proactive in detecting clinical cases to mitigate the negative effects of the disease. Further studies are needed to deter
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Akpan, C. A. N., Ezeja, M. I. & Ezeibe, M. C. O. (2021) Prevalence of trypanosomes in large and small ruminants in Abia state and Rivers States Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable Veterinary & Allied Sciences, 1(2), 173-177 http://doi.org/10.54328/covm.josvas.2021.037
Gimba, U. N. (2015). Studies of the endemicity of pathogenic Trypanosome: An implication for human Trypanosomiasis control in Gwagwalada Town, FCT –Abuja. International Journal of Research & Development Organisation, 2, 29-39. https://doi.org/10.53555/bs.v1i8.2372
Abro, Z., Kassie, M., Muriithi, B., Okal, M., Masiga, D., Wanda, G., Gisèle, O., Samuel, A., Nguertoum, E., Aimé Nina, R., Mansinsa, P., Adam, Y., Camara,M., Olet, P., Boucader, D., Jamal, S., Issa Garba, A., Ajakaiye, J., Kinani, J., Hassan, M., Nonga, H., Daffa, J., Gidudu, A., & Chilongo, K. (2021). The potential economic benefits of controlling Trypanosomiasis using waterbuck repellent blend in sub-Saharan Africa. PLoS One, 16(7):e0254558. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254558
Magez, S., Torres, J. E., Seoyeon, O. & Radwanska, M. (2021). Salivarian trypanosomes have adopted intricate host-pathogen interaction mechanisms that ensure survival in plain sight of the adaptive immune system. Pathogens, 10(6), 679. doi: 10.3390/pathogens10060679.
Mulenga, G. M., Namangala, B., Chilongo, K., Mubamba, C., Hayashida, K. & Henning, L. (2021). Challenges in the diagnostic performance of parasitological and molecular tests in the surveillance of African Trypanosomiasis in eastern Zambia. Tropical Medicine Infectious Disease, 6(2):68. doi: 10.3390/tropicalmed6020068.
Peter, I. D., Dauda, Y., Thalma, P. B., Ndahi, J. J., Madziga, H. A., Stephen, J., & Mustapha, A. (2015). A Retrospective Study of Small Ruminant Diseases Identified at the State Veterinary Hospital, Maiduguri, Nigeria. Journal of Animal Health and Production, 3(4), 88-93. DOI:10.14737/journal.jahp/2015/3.4.88.93
De Gier, J., Cecchi, G., Paone, M., Dede, P & Zhao, W. (2020). The continental Atlas oftsetse and African animal trypanosomosis in Nigeria. Acta Tropicale, 15(1):72 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105328
Abubakar, A., Abdullahi, R. A., Ayakpat, H. N., Garba, J., Muhammad, B., Kugu, B. A., Shettima, F., Dede, P. M., & Shaida, S. S. (2016). Population dynamics of Tsetse at Salt Lick B and Guruntun areas of Yankari National Park, Bauchi State, Nigeria. Current Research Journal of Biological Sciences, 2, 15-17. DOI:10.19026/crjbs.8.2690
Yohanna, J. A., Obilor, C. I., Ombugadu, A., Nwibari, B. M. W., Fajinmi, A. O., & Igweh, A. C. (2016). Comparison of the effects of Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma brucei on the gross pathology and haematological indices in laboratory rats. International Journal of Biomedical and Health Sciences, 12(1), 1-9 Doi: https://www35397504
Tulu, D. (2019). Epidemiology of Bovine Trypanosomosis in Ethiopia. Epidemiology International Journal, 3(1), 1-10. DOI: 10.23880/eij-16000118
Peter, J. G., Adeiyongo, C. M., Yohanna, J. A., Arin, R. Y., Tyem, D. A. & Peter, Y. J. (2023). Conventional and Molecular determination of Trypanosoma Infection in Apparently Healthy small ruminants in North Central, Nigeria. International Journal of Science & Applied Research, 10(5), 42-52 DOI: 10.59573
Ayana, Z., Lemma, D., Abera, B., & Eticha, E. (2015). Prevalence of small ruminant trypanosomosis in Assosa and Homosha districts, Benishangul-Gumuz Regional State, North West of Ethiopia. Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, 7(5), 186-192. DOI: 10.5897/JVMAH
Adzandeh, E. A., Akintunde, J., & Akintunde, E. A. (2015). Analysis of urban growth agents in Jos metropolis, Nigeria. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 4, 41-50,ISSN 2277–9051
Thrusfield, M. (2005). Veterinary Epidemiology. London: Blackwell Publishing.
McLaughlin, G. L., Ssenyonga, S. S., Nanteza, E., Rubaire-Akiki, Wafula, O., Hansen, R. D., Vodkin, M. H., Novak, R. J., Gordon, V. R., Montenegro-James, S., James, M., Aviles, H., Armijos, R., Santrich, C., Weigle, K., Saravia, N., Wozniak, E., Gaye, O., Mdachi, R., Shapiro, S.Z., Chang, K.P., & Kakoma, I. (1996). PCR-based detection and typing of parasites. Eds, Parasitology for the 21'st Century, CAB International, Wallingford Oxon UK, Ch. 1996; 25:261–287.
Gall, Y., Woitag, T., Bauer, B., Sidibe, I., McDermott, J., Mehlitz, D., & Clausen, P. H. (2004). Trypanocidal failure suggested by PCR results in cattle field samples. Acta Tropicale, 92(1), 7- 16. DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2004.04.003
Takeet, M. I., Fagbemi, B. O., Donato, M. D., Yakubu, A., Rodulfo, H. E., Peters, S. O., Wheto, M., &Imumorin, I. G. (2013). Molecular survey of pathogenic trypanosomes in naturally infected Nigerian cattle. Research in Veterinary Science, 94, 553-561. DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.10.018
Majekodunmi, A. O., Fajinmi, A., Dongkum, C., Picozzi, K., Thrusfield, M. V., &Welburn, S. C. (2013). A longitudinal survey of African animal trypanosomiasis in domestic cattle on the Jos Plateau, Nigeria: prevalence, distribution and risk factors. Parasites & Vectors, 6, 239-248. DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-239.
Ahmed, H. A., Picozzi, K., Welburn, S. C., & MacLeod, E. T. (2013). A comparative evaluation of PCR-based methods for species-specific determination of African animal trypanosomes in Ugandan cattle. Parasites & Vectors, 6(316), 1-7. DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-316.
Peter, J. G & Peter, Y. J. (2017). Laboratory Based Study of Bovine Trypanosomiasis in Bokkos LGAof Plateau State, Nigeria. Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science,10(1),09-14, DOI: 10.9790/2380-100801091421 Dede, P., Halid, H., Omoogun, G., Uzoigwe, N., Njoku, C., Daniel, A., & Dadah, A. (2005). Current tsetse and trypanosomosis situation on Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. Epizootiological factors that may enhance disease transmission and spread. Revue d’elevageet de medicine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux, 58(1-2), 31-35. Doi:http://revues.cirad.fr/ind.
Malele, I., Craske, L., Knight, C., Ferris, V.& Njiru, Z. (2003). The use of specific and generic primers to identify trypanosome infections of wild tsetse flies in Tanzania by PCR. Journal of Infectious Genetic Evolution, 3,271–9. DOI: 10.1016/s1567-1348(03)00090-x.
Mekata, H., Konnai, S., Simuunza, M., Chembensofu, M., Kano, R. & Witola, W. H. (2008). Prevalence and source of trypanosome infections in field-captured vector flies (Glossina pallidipes) in South-eastern Zambia. Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, 70, 923–8. DOI: 10.1292/jvms.70.923.
Farougou, S., Allou, S. D., Sankamaho, I & Codjia, V. (2012). Prevalence of trypanosome infections in cattle and s h e e p i n t h e B e n i n ’s We st A t a c o r a a g r o - e c o l o g i c a l z o n e . Tr o p i c u lt u r a , 3 0 , 1 4 1 – 6 . DOI:10.1564/tropicultura_v30_n3_141
Shah, S. R., Phulan, M. S., Memon, M. A., Rind, R. & Bhatti, A. (2004) Trypanosome infections in camels. Pakistan Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 24, 209–10. Doi: https://www.ist-winner.org
Karshima, S. N., Lawal, I. A., Bata, S. I., Barde, I. J., Adamu, P. V. & Salihu, A. (2016). Animal reservoirs of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense around the old Gboko sleeping sickness focus in Nigeria. Journal of Parasitology and Vector Biology, 8, 47–54. DOI: 10.5897/JPVB
Leak, S. E.(1996) Trypanosomosis: Aveterinary perspective. Pergramon Press, New York, p 551.
Kebede, B., Hailu, S. and Terefe, G. (2016). Prevalence and Pathogenic Significance of Trypanosomosis on Sheep and Goats of Mareka District, Dawro Zone, Southwestern Ethiopia. Journal of Animal Science Livestock Production, 1(1),1-8 DOI: 10.21767/2577-0594.100002
Bengaly, Z., Ganaba, R., Sidibe, I & Duvallet, G. (1998). Trypanosome infections in Cattle in the South Sudanese zone of Burkina Faso. Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux, 51, 225–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19182/remvt.9626