<i>In vitro</i> Protoscolicidal Activity of Albendazole-Silver Oxide Nanohybrids against <i>Echinococcus granulosus</i>
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Abstract
Hydatid disease is an important parasitic infection caused by Echinococcus granulosus, and the survival of protoscoleces during surgical treatment may contribute to recurrence and secondary infection. Therefore, the development of effective protoscolicidal agents with rapid activity and improved safety is crucial. This study aimed to synthesise and characterise silver oxide nanoparticles and valuate their in vitro protoscolicidal activity, both alone and in combination with lbendazole, against Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces. Silver oxide nanoparticles were chemically prepared using silver nitrate and sodium hydroxide, followed by washing, drying, and calcination. The prepared nanoparticles and albendazole-silver oxide nanohybrid were characterised using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and zeta potential measurements. Protoscoleces were isolated from hydatid cysts collected from infected sheep livers and lungs, and their viability was assessed after exposure to different treatments and concentrations at selected time intervals. The characterisation results confirmed the successful formation of silver oxide nanoparticles, with FTIR peaks indicating Ag-O bonding, XRD patterns supporting the crystalline cubic structure of Ag2O, and zeta potential values of - 36.49 mV for Ag2O nanoparticles and -32.17 mV for the albendazole-Ag2O hybrid, consistent with acceptable short-term electrostatic stability under the measurement conditions. The in vitro findings showed that albendazole alone produced limited and slow protoscolicidal activity, whereas silver oxide nanoparticles demonstrated stronger time-dependent lethal effects. The albendazole-silver oxide nanohybrid exhibited the highest activity, with a marked reduction n protoscolex viability, particularly after longer exposure times. These results suggest that combining albendazole with silver oxide nanoparticles may enhance protoscolicidal efficacy, as indicated by its greater in vitro protoscolicidal activity compared to albendazole alone, involving both drug- ediated disruption f parasite metabolism and nanoparticle-induced cellular damage. Overall, silver oxide nanoparticles, particularly in hybrid form with albendazole, represent a promising approach for improving protoscolicidal treatment strategies against hydatid cyst protoscoleces.
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