Antiplasmodial activity of the extracts of <i>Mangifera indica</i> L. against clinical isolates of <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i>
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Abstract
Despite ongoing efforts to control malaria, the emergence of drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains has increased the need for alternative therapeutic approaches. In many endemic countries, medicinal plants have long been used in traditional healthcare systems, often in areas where malaria is prevalent. The continued use of these plants underscores their potential as novel antimalarial compounds. This study investigated the phytochemical composition and assessed the antimalarial efficacy of both aqueous and ethanolic crude extracts of Mangifera indica leaves and stem bark against 10 clinical isolates of P. falciparum that met the WHO-recommended parasite density range of 2,000–80,000 parasites/μL and were selected for the in vitro study. Using a concentration range of 1.56 to 100 μg/mL, the assays were performed in duplicate, and significant (P = 0.001) inhibition of schizont maturation was observed in both extracts relative to the control. The ethanolic extracts exhibited particularly strong antiplasmodial activity, with M. indica leaf ethanol (MiLE) showing 93.2% inhibition with an IC50 of 2.93μg/mL, and M. indica bark ethanol (MiBE) demonstrating 90.4% inhibition with an IC50 of 2.63μg/mL. M. indica leaf aqueous (MiLA) extract showed 91.8% parasite growth inhibition with an IC50 of 4.90μg/mL, while M. indica bark aqueous (MiBA) extract showed 89.4% parasite growth inhibition with an IC50 of 3.51μg/mL. These results provide convincing evidence of the antiplasmodial potential of M. indica leaves and stem bark, validating the plant's traditional use in malaria treatment. The ethanolic extracts exhibited significant inhibitory effects against P. falciparum, suggesting that the active compounds may have considerable therapeutic potential. Further research is needed to isolate, identify, and characterise the bioactive compounds responsible for these activities. This study contributes to the growing evidence supporting the exploration of ethno-botanicals as alternative sources of antimalarial agents, particularly in the face of increasing resistance to conventional treatments.
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