Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices of Rice Farmers and Pesticide Residue in Rice Agroecosystems of Anambra State, Nigeria: Implications for Mosquito Breeding Habitats
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Abstract
To develop effective strategies for reducing the adverse effects of pesticides on the environment and public health, it is essential to understandfarmers' knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding pesticide use, especially in rice agroecosystems. These areas are often overlooked when pest control strategies are planned, especially for mosquito control. This study aimed to survey the KAP of rice farmers, assess the relationship betweensociodemographic factors and KAP concerning insecticides used in the rice agroecosystem, and assess pesticide residues in rice paddies, considering their potential implications for mosquitobreeding habitats. The study was conducted among 394 farmers from four local government areas in Anambra State. The results showed that herbicides and insecticides were the most frequently used pesticides. Approximately 75% of the respondents had attended school and understood product labels. Licenced traders accounted for 76.6% of the total number of traders. Pesticide purchases accounted for 6% of total purchases, and storage mostly occurred at home. Most farmers hada fair amount of knowledge about the pesticides applied to their rice farms. Therewas no significant correlation between the farmers' knowledge of and attitude towards pesticide use. However, a significant relationship was found between farmers' knowledge and practices, with moderate strength. Additionally, farmers' attitudes towards pesticide use and their practices showed a weak negative correlation, which was statistically significant (Pearson's correlation test, P = 0. 002). Eighteen pesticide residues were detected in paddy water and soil samples, originating from a broad range of compounds, including insecticides and herbicides. Of the four major classes of insecticides, only three were detected:organochlorines, organophosphorus, and carbamates. The levels of detectedpesticide residues were compared to the Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) values for rice, with most residues in soil and water samples exceeding these limits. In rice farming, reducing soil pesticide levels through proper application techniques and implementing residue monitoring programmes isvital to ensure that residues remain within acceptable levels.
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